Tal vez Sarmiento sea el único prócer inagotable. De manera consciente o inconsciente, se lo resiste. Una ancha capa de nuestra sociedad no lo quiere. A esa capa no le resulta simpático, aunque muchos no saben por qué. La argentina es una sociedad, en términos generales, populista. Y el populismo -no es ninguna novedad- es una nivelación para abajo. El esfuerzo, la perseverancia, el trabajo, el estudio, son verbalizados, pero no protagonizados con placer. Esta no es una condición argentina exclusiva. Pero, como en todos los órdenes de la vida, en el análisis se deben contabilizar los pros y los contras.
La cantidad de valores o disvalores determina la calificación. Cuando en el seno de una sociedad como la nuestra la corriente del menor esfuerzo, del dejar pasar, del dejar hacer, corre impetuosa, uno debe anotarlo. Entre nosotros la multitud, desde hace demasiado tiempo, es exaltada y halagada indiscriminadamente. Importan los más, sin importar el para qué. La calidad ha sido puesta bajo sospecha.
De la boca para afuera, se dice: "Todos somos iguales". Por ejemplo, se ha llegado a sostener que "un alfarero indígena no es inferior a Miguel Angel". Quien lo dijo es un buen músico y cantor que, desde luego, no cobra los honorarios de un simple guitarrero. Estamos seguros, aunque no tengamos los datos, de que este juglar, en el desdichado percance de tener que operarse del corazón, elegiría a Favaloro si estuviera vivo y no a cualquier cirujano del registro. No tenemos datos fehacientes, pero sospechamos también que sabe que Maradona, antes, y Messi, ahora, no son lo mismo que cualquier jugador de fútbol común. No es que tenga la tabla de valores rota. Hace trampas.
El populismo y los populistas realizan en nuestros días un admirable trabajo de publicidad engañosa. Intentan convencer a la opinión pública de que el progreso, la justicia y el mañana son sinónimos de lo que defienden. La verdad rompe las puertas y las ventanas de la realidad. El pasado más rancio y reaccionario ha "amasado" siempre a la muchedumbre con el populismo. Entre nosotros, los señores manipuladores de las provincias, antes y ahora, usaron y usan a la multitud para su indebido provecho. La montonera en el siglo XIX y en la década del 70 del siglo XX fue la forma y el modo en que la legendaria oligarquía se perpetuaba. Esa ternura sensiblera hacia la barbarie del hormiguero humano es el pasaporte que le permite circular disfrazada.
Sarmiento y su generación sintieron horror por la barbarie. La habían padecido y practicado. No podían extirparla por el modo clásico: el cuchillo. La clave de Sarmiento es que desde mediados del siglo XIX supo que "la cosa" estaba en educar a todos. No -como querían casi todos sus contemporáneos- a una delgada capa de "los mejores" o de "los valiosos". El supo que vivir es convivir y que convivir es convivir con todos, no sólo con algunos. En el teatro, en la calle, en el estadio, en el comedor público se desenvuelve la vida, aparte de la intimidad del hogar.
Si la vida de la modernidad es la era de la multitud o, como la llamó Ortega y Gasset, la era del lleno, todos los que conforman esa multitud y llenan esos espacios públicos importan. La calidad, la altura y la hondura de la vida de los distintos países no están dadas principalmente por sus círculos académicos, sino por el flujo civilizado o caótico de sus calles y avenidas.
Sarmiento, como ninguno en su tiempo, advirtió que el futuro de la República tenía todo que ver con la etimología de la palabra. En latín,res pública quiere decir "cosa de todos". El salvaje ululante, el gaucho matrero, el criollo haragán, lo horrorizaban. No pensó en ellos como en instrumentos para usufructuar, sino como un inmenso desafío educador. Ellos y los hijos de todos los gringos inmigrantes, sin distinción alguna, fueron el padre, el hijo y el espíritu santo de su impulso oceánico escolar. En los bancos para todos se fue forjando la amalgama argentina. Cada uno -a través del abecedario- supo quién era. Dejó de ser súbdito, montonera o peonada manejable para empezar a pertenecerse a sí mismo y ser protagonista de su propia existencia.
No es un accidente circunstancial que antes y ahora el anti-Sarmiento hayan sido y sigan siendo Rosas y el rosismo. Las secuelas y las corrientes actuales de ese soterrado rencor se sublevan contra lo que consideran la "traición" de la generación del 80 y sus ideas. "Alpargatas sí, libros no" y "Haga patria, mate un estudiante" no fueron expresiones extrañas o ajenas. La peonada, domada, con nuevo patrón, seguía como montón. Hay un odio coherente en esa masa suburbana contra todo lo que pueda parecerse a Sarmiento. El ambiente que describió Esteban Echeverría en El matadero, en la década del 30 del siglo pasado, sigue latente en los punteros y en los arrabales del gran Buenos Aires de hoy.
Juan Domingo Perón no inventó el populismo argentino, pero lo acrecentó, lo institucionalizó; le dio pasaporte; lo legalizó. "Mañana es san Perón" no fue una chicana, una avivada, una ocurrencia. Fue la certificación, como ante escribano público, que regiría para siempre la ley del mínimo esfuerzo. No se trató nunca de un reparto equitativo, sino de la dádiva. No era la sociedad o el Estado, sino "Ellos", los que regalaban. La Fundación Eva Perón recaudaba indebidamente aportes forzosos con los que distribuía regalos personalizados. Un conocido industrial fabricante de caramelos se negó a esos manejos y su fábrica padeció el sabotaje y fue cerrada.
Han pasado décadas, pero el populismo de entonces sigue vivo. Hay otra fundación y otros protagonistas, pero el sistema conserva lozanía entre nosotros.
Hacen bien los enemigos acérrimos de Sarmiento cuando atacan su figura o su nombre. Cuando lanzan alquitrán a su estatua y gritan "Muera Sarmiento" y "Viva Rosas". Saben que Sarmiento está vivo y Rosas está muerto. Ese Sarmiento vivo no sólo sigue soñándonos, como en el verso de Jorge Luis Borges, sino empujándonos hacia arriba, como siempre. La única forma y el único modo de dejar de ser masa maleable para convertirnos en ciudadanía pensante.
© La Nacion.
EL ENVÍO A NUESTROS CORREOS AUTORIZA PUBLICACIÓN, ACTUALIDAD, VENEZUELA, OPINIÓN, NOTICIA, REPUBLICANO LIBERAL, DEMOCRACIA, LIBERAL, LIBERALISMO, LIBERTARIO, POLÍTICA, INTERNACIONAL, ELECCIONES,UNIDAD, ALTERNATIVA DEMOCRÁTICA
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